FACE (the Future Airborne Capability Environment) is a software architecture that aims to increase interoperability and portability between military avionics systems, while decreasing development time, costs and complexity while increasing system flexibility.
Partitioning’s isolation properties are central to FACCE’s promise of smooth integration and certification for mixed-criticality systems, which makes Wind River’s Helix Platform the first commercial off-the-shelf OS to achieve FACE conformance for General Purpose and Safety profiles.
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Human Facce
Human facces are central components of social interactions. They convey information about an individual’s identity, social status and emotions. Normal facial variations have been linked with attractiveness, lifetime reproductive success and other traits; yet the genetic basis remains largely unknown, since heritability estimates often appear low and face phenotypes can often be difficult to measure1.
To overcome these barriers, we used high-resolution three-dimensional facial models of 952 twins recruited from the TwinksUK registry and processed with GESSA (Geodesic Ensemble Surface Sampling Algorithm). This yielded 7160 dense quasi-landmarks which accurately represented the structure of an average face and were processed through several analyses to reveal patterns of variation that informed genetic mapping as well as fine mapping of facial morphological features.
Utilizing genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we identified 53 genes significantly associated with variation of facial symmetry. 26 were novel genes to the field2.
These peaks were then used as targets for fine mapping, on the assumption that biological mechanisms that produce traits were shared across individuals. We first calculated LD score correlations (30) between facial segments (see Supplementary Materials) before using CCA’s one-sided test with canonical correlation coefficients that always range between [0 1]. We converted these correlations to z-scores to eliminate sign bias issues.
Next, we performed a multivariate heritability analysis of all 10 EDTs and their GDTs by using sPCA to estimate covariance structures of each face region and estimate covariance structures of all of them using Eigenface maps as estimates of covariance structures of face regions to ascertain which phenotypes had large s-values; heritability estimates were also obtained for mean and Gaussian curvature Eigenface maps; heritability estimates for mean Eigenface map showed it concentrated in areas like Nasolabial folds, nose/mouth regions and regions surrounding frontal eminences while its counterpart GC Eigenface map revealed high heritability in areas such as Philtrum or transitions between ala and chin ala.
We also explored the variance components of heritable traits and found that certain indices displayed more variability than others. The MC and GC maps displayed increased variance around eye sockets and nose/mouth areas respectively, indicating these characteristics were especially sensitive to biological variability.
Facces of Animals
There is much disagreement regarding whether animals possess faces. Some believe they don’t, while others hold that some do possess faces; there’s general agreement among scientists that some species do have them and which parts make up their facial features.
Facces are vitally important to humans as they allow us to communicate with one another and recognize friends and family members, while simultaneously serving as an emotional indicator, such as anger or sadness. Furthermore, humans have evolved with a wide array of facial features which distinguish us from other species – animals haven’t evolved nearly as many distinguishing features, which could explain why some members in a group seem so distinct from each other.
Many mammals feature facial fur of differing colors and patterns as a form of communication within social or kin groups; it also serves to indicate one’s mood or intent (Caro, Walker, Santana & Stankowich 2017). For instance, some animals display bold patterns when feeling threatened while other mammals use their head fur patterning as camouflage against predators.
One study performed by scientists involved showing horses pictures of happy and angry human faces to stimulate them, before showing live models with similar expressions as seen before in photographs. When these were shown again as models in another environment, the horses recognized faces from before but could not recognize emotional valence of faces shown to them again in that setting.
This was the same study which demonstrated that dogs are better at face recognition than monkeys, according to researchers. Researchers speculate that this difference may be caused by domesticated versus wild dogs; domesticated ones being domesticated while others natural predators of humans. Future research using fMRI techniques should reveal more insight into how faces are neurally encoded within animal brains as well as differences between species regarding perception.
Facces of Plants
Living among free plants in nature makes their beauty evident, while seeing plants through glossy packaging or manicured front lawns or the few puny pots in your window box will likely alter how you view them.
Facce is not a strictly defined anatomical entity; however, creatures with bilateral symmetry (such as jelly fish and some sea urchins) are considered to have faces. Many organisms that don’t meet this strict definition still possess some sort of sensory system which enables them to sense their surroundings and interact with other animals and plants – for instance a cat’s whiskers are capable of sensing changes in temperature and pressure changes.
Scientists began studying how plants perceive their environments a few years ago, discovering that some have facial expressions they use to communicate. A plant showing disapproval may express it with frown lines across its face; researchers use such information to predict how plants will respond to changes in climate or other environmental factors in future studies.
FACCE researchers have faced one of the major obstacles in their work when attempting to compare results across different ecosystems and climates, due to the considerable expense required to build and operate FACE sites – these limited sites only cover developed countries with temperate ecosystems resulting in discrepancies in data sets and understanding why different species and ecosystems react differently when exposed to elevated carbon dioxide levels.
As legumes have the capacity to fix nitrogen, their response to CO2 enhancement should be greater than nonlegumes; however, four FACE experiments where both types were investigated did not support this prediction.
It appears that variations in responses do not stem from one specific metabolic trait but instead reflect combinations that differ across species and ecosystems, contradicting any notion that ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 concentration are driven by resource availability or plant functional type.
Conclusion
FACCE (Future Airborne Capability Environment) represents a pivotal advancement in software architecture for military avionics, enabling greater interoperability, cost efficiency, and system flexibility. Its focus on partitioning and isolation ensures seamless integration and certification for mixed-criticality systems, as evidenced by Wind River’s Helix Platform achieving FACE conformance.
Beyond aviation, the exploration of “faces” in humans, animals, and even plants provides fascinating insights into genetics, social behavior, and environmental interaction. Genetic studies on human facial features have uncovered groundbreaking findings about heritability and morphological traits. Animal faces play a critical role in communication and recognition, while plants’ interactions with their environment further demonstrate the complex interconnectedness of life.
Together, these advancements highlight the vast potential of FACE research and its interdisciplinary implications, from improving military systems to deepening our understanding of biology and ecology.
FAQs
1. What is FACCE (Future Airborne Capability Environment)?
FACE is a software architecture developed to enhance interoperability, reduce development time and costs, and increase flexibility in military avionics systems.
2. What makes FACCE unique in military applications?
Its partitioning and isolation capabilities enable smooth integration and certification for mixed-criticality systems, supporting efficient and reliable software development.
3. How does the FACCE architecture benefit the aviation industry?
It standardizes software components, allowing for better portability and reducing the complexity of integrating systems from different vendors, ultimately lowering costs.
4. What are the key findings from human facial studies?
Genetic studies using high-resolution 3D facial models have identified 53 genes associated with facial symmetry, revealing insights into heritability and morphological traits.
5. Why are animal facces significant in research?
Animal faces aid in communication, recognition, and understanding of emotions, with studies showing differences in facial perception between species like dogs and horses.
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